step one.2 Semantic Interactions
Once sensory faculties is recognized (and you will while they are identified having a reasonable level of confidence), the kind of dating one to exists between them must be dependent. The most used group off semantic connections is provided on the lifestyle out-of historical semantics, that’s, the newest code always determine synchronic relationships between term significance is simply the same as new vocabulary regularly identify diachronic change from meaning. Regarding best circumstances, in the event that feel an excellent is actually synchronically related to sense b of the metonymy, following a process out-of metonymy enjoys acted diachronically to increase feel a towards feel b: diachronic components out-of semasiological change reappear synchronically since semantic affairs certainly one of keyword significance.
The new desktop computer plus the held circumstances, or even the mouse together with tip, features a relationship from actual-industry connectedness that is constantly caught by thought of ‘contiguity
The newest five very first designs is actually specialization, generalization, metaphor, and you will metonymy (revealed here, from an excellent diachronic angle, as components in the place of synchronic connections). Regarding semantic expertise, new meaning was a constraint of your old meaning: this new meaning is a subcase of one’s old. Classical samples of specialization is corn (to start with a pay-label for everyone categories of grains, now specialized in order to ‘wheat’ in England, so you can ‘oats’ for the Scotland, also to ‘maize’ in the united states), starve (swinging from ‘so you can die’ to help you ‘in order to die out of hunger’), and you will queen (to begin with ‘wife, lady,’ now limited to ‘king’s spouse, or ladies sovereign’). Types of generalization try moon (mostly the planet’s satellite, but offered to your world’s satellite), and you will French arriver (which in the first place intended ‘to reach the latest river’s coastline, so you can embank,’ but and that now is short for ‘to-arrive good destination’ generally speaking). There is a lot regarding terminological version concerning specialization and you may generalization. ‘Restriction’ and you will ‘narrowing’ of definition equal ‘specialization,’ while you are ‘extension,’ ‘schematization,’ and you will ‘broadening’ out-of definition equivalent ‘generalization.’ As well as, the newest definitions in it can be said so you can amuse affairs off taxonomical subordination or superordination: in a good taxonomy (a forest-for example hierarchical group) of principles, the latest certified meaning was subordinate for the original that, whereas the new generalized meaning is superordinate pertaining to the first.
Like expertise and you will generalization, it’s convenient and you will conventional introducing metaphor and you may metonymy with her, whilst the relationships isn’t as close like with the newest former couples. (More about metaphor and you may metonymy observe in the part step one.six, “Conceptual Metaphor and you will Metonymy.”) Metaphor will then be supposed to be based on a love of resemblance amongst the old together with brand new understanding, and you may metonymy with the a love out-of contiguity. Current desktop terms returns examples of one another models. New desktop of one’s monitor, for instance, isn’t the just like the brand new pc of your own workplace table-apart from in the two cases, simple fact is that area (a literal room in one single situation, a virtual one in others) where you standing loads of products that you daily fool around with otherwise one to urgently you prefer appeal. The system pc, to put it differently, is not literally a desktop in the modern feel, nevertheless have a functional similarity to your completely new: the machine learning are an excellent metaphorical expansion of fresh office chairs learning. Functional similarities and underlie metaphorical words like save, clipboard, document, folder, reduce, and paste. Mouse, in addition, is even metaphorically inspired, but right here, the fresh new metaphorical resemblance comes to shape in lieu of function. However thought an announcement towards feeling that the desktop will keep your hectic for the next 2 weeks, otherwise you query out loud in which the mouse has gone whenever you are looking to to track down the pointer into monitor. In such instances, desktop and you may mouse are used metonymically. On the former circumstances, it isn’t the latest virtual space as such that is associated, however the products that are held there. Throughout the latter case, it isn’t new mouse as a result (the thing that you hold in your hands) which you refer to, however the tip towards display which is run because of the mouse. ‘ Whenever, as an instance, one drinks a whole bottles, jak zjistit, kdo vás má rád na ourtime bez placenà it is not this new bottles but simply their material that are consumed: bottles are often used to relate to a particular variety of container, in addition to (spatially contiguous) belongings in you to basket. When lexical semanticians declare that metonymical transform derive from contiguity, contiguity shouldn’t be realized from inside the a slim experience once the it comes down to spatial proximity only, however, significantly more generally once the a standard term for different associations during the this new spatial, temporal, or causal domain.
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